Introduction: For interpretation of the most common biochemical markers reference intervals (RIs) are widely considered and reported. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to determine age-specific RIs for some biochemical tests by removing and/or limiting critical gaps including sex, age group, geographical region, measurement device, and type of kits and reagents for routine laboratory biochemical variables in healthy adolescent girls aged 12-19 years. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study a total of 1026 adolescent girl was recruited. According to the study aim, the levels of serum for some routine biochemical tests were measured on a BT-3000 auto-analyzer. On the basis of the non-parametric rank method and by use of CLSI Ep28-A3 guidelines, we determined age-specific RIs, including confidence interval 90%, under specific exclusion criteria. Results: Age partitioning was required for none of the upper and lower limits of biochemical markers. All Serum biochemical tests concentration remained relatively constant throughout the age range. Conclusion: By removing and/or limiting critical gaps involved in reference values of biochemical tests, it has provided an important understanding of metabolic processes and it has facilitated clinical application to track different diseases better.

Reference intervals aid clinical decision-making for clinical chemistry values. Laboratory test results are compared to reference intervals to aid in the diagnosis, therapy, and monitoring decisions. Due to the differences in ethnicity, gender, age, and analytical methods, reference intervals (RIs) vary between populations. This study aimed to establish the reference values for renal function tests in targeted populations in Indonesia. This research was conducted with a cross-sectional observational analytic design. The research sample consisted of medical check-up data from health professionals at Dr. Mohammad Hoesin Hospital in Palembang, Indonesia. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to determine the normality of data distribution.  The RIs were computed using reference limits at the 2.5th and 97.5th percentiles (abnormal distribution) or ±two standard deviations (±2 SD) (normal distribution). The independent t-test (parametric) or Mann-Whitney test was used to compare the RIs of males and females (non-parametric). Males and females had a significant difference (P<0.001) regarding the values of uric acid, urea, and creatinine parameters, requiring the reference intervals to be separated. The following reference intervals were established: uric acid: 230,78-526,99 mol/L for males and 179,03-415.17 mol/L for females, urea: 2,22-4,99 mmol/L for males and 1,78-4,28 mmol/L for females, and creatinine: 61,01-106,99 mol/L for males and 40,67-77,81 mol/L for females. This study defined gender-specific RIs for three renal function test parameters for the adult population of Palembang, Indonesia. The deployment of population-specific RIs may facilitate better laboratory testing.

Background: Determination of reference ranges of each serum protein in normal population of each country is required for studies and clinical interpretation. The aim of this study was defining reference range values of immunoglobulins and complement components in Iranian healthy children.Methods: This study was conducted from June 2003 to June 2006 in Immunology, Asthma and Allergy Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences. Serum levels of IgG, IgM, IgA, C3 and C4 in 800 Iranian healthy children from newborn to 18 years of age in four population were measured by nephelometry. Kolmogrov-Smirnov tests and Pearson correlation tests were used for analysis.Results: Our results mainly agree with previous reports, except for some discrepancy that might be due to the ethnic and geographic variety. There was a significant difference between two sexes only with IgA in the group of 1-3 months old, which was higher in male group and IgM in groups of 3-5, 6-8 and 9-11 years old that were higher in female groups. Mean of other serum immunoglobulins and complements was not significantly different between male and female groups.Conclusion: These results can be considered as a local reference for use in laboratories, clinical interpretations, and research for Iranian children.

Introduction: The expected values of hematologic and serum biochemical parameters in domestic animal species can be affected by breed, age, environment, and nutrition. Established breed-specific reference intervals (RI) are an important tool for monitoring the health of sheep. There is a lack of published data on biochemical RI for Sngsari sheep. Thus, the aims of this study were to establish RI for select of serum biochemical parameters for Sangsari sheep by Reference Value Advisor (RVA) method and provide information on the studied parameters for both sex of this breed in order to form a basis for clinical interpretation. Materials and Methods: Sixty healthy Sangsari sheep including 26 ewes and 34 rams (2– 4 years old) were chosen from the breeding station of Sangsari sheep among 150 sheep in Damghan, Semnan, Iran. The type of feeding, all the animals had free access to water and to good-quality alfalfa hay (90. 0 % DM, 15. 8 CP % DM, 50. 4NDF%DM, 31. 6ADF%DM, 5. 8 lignin% DM, and 2. 2 EE % DM). Concentrate (23 % oats, 36 % corn, 38 % barley, and 3%mineral and vitamin supplements) was provided once daily (200 g per animal per day). In the sampling day, breeder signed a subscription form and completed a primary questionnaire consisting of specific questions about past and current health status, sexual status, medications used, and familial and reproductive medical history. Complete physical examinations were performed by the same experienced veterinarian on each sheep. In order to reduce stress, blood samples were taken in the station with minimal changes in the usual schedule of the sheep. Blood samples (taken from the jugular vein) were collected in simple tubes in order to separate the serum (centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 10 min) for biochemical analysis. Samples transported at +4 ° C to the laboratory department of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Semnan, Iran. Biochemical parameters were measured by a autoanalyzer. These parameters included alkaline phosphatase (ALP), gamma glutamyletransferase (GGT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), total protein (TP) and albumin (Alb). For statistical analysis, data were analyzed by Reference Value Advisor and outliers were deleted if detected according to Tukey or Dixon. RIs, according to sample size, were determined using a robust method and following Box-Cox transformation of data. The data were normally distributed, and differences between sexes in biochemical parameters were analyzed using independent sample T test. A value of P<0. 05 was considered as significant. Results and Discussion: The RI of biochemical parameters obtained from adult healthy Sangsari sheep includes the following: ALP 49. 24-564. 84 u/l; GGT 24. 14-62. 23 u/l; AST 10. 86-338. 40 u/l; BUN 6. 91-26. 43 mg/dl; TP 5. 19-13. 95 gr/dl and Alb 0. 92-3. 63 gr/dl. Established RI of biochemical parameters for ewes and rams, respectively including: ALP 29. 98-702. 89 u/l; GGT 22. 41-54. 49 u/l; AST 1. 36-279. 89 u/l; BUN 5. 9526. 86 mg/dl; TP 5. 75-12. 83 gr/dl; Alb 0. 84-2. 77 gr/dl and ALP 106. 08-568. 55 u/l; GGT 20. 80-58. 30 u/l; AST 360. 12 u/l; BUN 8. 15-26. 04 mg/dl; TP 4. 66-15. 59 g/dl and Alb 0. 74-3. 77 g/dl. Interpretation of the biochemical results in different breeds of sheep, with regard to RI for each parameter, in conjunction with history, clinical findings and other paraclinical tests helps the clinician to reach a definitive diagnosis. A unique feature of Sangsari sheep is that they are highly adaptable with desert and mountain ranges with high tolerance of drought conditions. This breed is also relatively small size and light weight, and most studies have focused on genetic characteristics associated with this trait. In view of the characteristics mentioned above and considering the lack of reference range for biochemical parameters, it is necessary to determine reference intervals in Sangsari sheep. In order to establish a comprehensive reference interval in Sangsari sheep, a select biochemical parameters were evaluated in the present study. Almost most of the established RI for biochemical parameters in this study differed from previously published RI, so that the lower and upper limits of RI of theses parameters (with the exception of BUN) were lower and higher than the values previously reported. Differences between obtained RI for the Sangsari sheep and previously reported RI for other breeds may be attributed to variations in hormonal influences, hydration status, dietary differences, or adaptations to a desert environment, age, breed, season of study and analytic method. Conclusion: The obtained data provided reference interval for biochemical parameters in Sangsari sheep for the first time. Present study demonstrates significant differences in most of the biochemical parameters. Reference intervals determined in this study provide a baseline for interpreting biochemical results in Sangsari sheep, and contribute to optimization of the management of this species.

Background & Objective: In addition to pyramidal neurons and interneurons, the hippocampus contains Astrocytes that play important roles in regulating ion flux currents, energy production, neurotransmitter release and memory. Learning needs some instrument for information storage and information maintenances mechanisms resemble to memory. The aim of this study was determination of spatial memory effect on the number of astrocytes in rat’s hippocampus.Materials & Methods: In this experimental study, with usage of Morris Water Maze and Reference memory technique, we used 10 male albino wistar rats. 5 rats were in control group and 5 rats in Reference memory group. After histological preparation, the slides were stained with PTAH staining for showing the Astrocytes. Results: The findings of this study showed significant difference in astrocytes number in CA1, CA2 and CA3 area of hippocampus between control and reference memory group. The mean and SD of astrocytes in CA1, CA2 and CA3 of reference memory group were 118.57±25.29, 58.91±23.59 and 116.6±31.14, that they are more than control group with 49±17.29 in CA1, 48.8±25.21 in CA2 and 41.95±11.22 in CA3. Conclusion: We concluded that the number of astrocytes increased due to spatial learning (e.g. reference memory method).